散落在乡村水田、荷塘的侨乡建筑，开平碉楼
中国这么大，我想去看看。带你去一个你曾经去过或者没去过的地方。散落在乡村水田、荷塘的侨乡建筑，开平碉楼https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2Ff2a8c079j00qsc40n004qc000z700jtm.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg2007年“开平碉楼与村落”成为广东省首处世界文化遗产；2010年姜文执导的电影《让子弹飞》在开平碉楼拍摄外景，这让开平碉楼走入人们的视野。https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2F483053a0j00qsc40n0043c000z700jtm.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
开平是中国著名的侨乡、建筑之乡。开平现存1833座碉楼，分布在开平的市、乡，这一类建筑群规模宏大、品类繁多，造型别致，是中国乡土建筑的一个特殊类型，是集防卫、居住和中西建筑艺术于一体的多层塔楼式建筑。其特色是中西合璧的民居，有古希腊、古罗马及伊斯兰等风格多种。https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2F821c43c0j00qsc40n003wc000z600jsm.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
开平碉楼产生于明代后期，现存最古老的碉楼迎龙楼位于三门里村，建于明朝的嘉靖年间，至今有400多年。清末民初是开平人出国的高峰期。他们或衣锦还乡，或落叶归根，这些归乡华侨还带回来了国外先进的材料，像英国的水泥、德国的钢筋等等，用来建造碉楼。https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2F38582c35j00qsc40n004mc000z700jtm.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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建筑风格方面很多带有外国的建筑特色，有柱廊式、平台式、城堡式的，也有混合式。凭着建楼者从外国带回的图纸，或者模仿他人的建筑，在本土工匠师的高超技术和大胆创意下，很好的将中式的韵味和西式的灵魂融合在了碉楼建筑上。后期的碉楼建筑中，出于攀附攀比心里，各种奇葩式样不断出现。https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2Fe137fff3j00qsc40n0023c000z700jtm.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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自力村、马降龙、锦江里等碉楼群在当地都很有特色。2016年我来到了开平自力村，自力村有15座碉楼，是开平碉楼兴盛时期的杰出代表。
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自力村是解放后划分出来的行政村，有自力更生的意思。山丘、水田、荷塘、竹林，15座碉楼就散布在这诗意田园、至美乡村当中。https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2F494af8f6j00qsc40n004qc000z700jtm.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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自力村碉楼多建于20世纪二、三十年代。那个年代土匪猖獗，当地侨胞为保护家乡亲人的生命财产安全而兴建其碉楼。碉楼为多层建筑，比普通民居坚固厚实，窗比民居开口小，外设铁板门窗。碉楼上部四角都建有突出悬、挑的全封闭或半封闭的角堡，可居高临下还击进村之敌。https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2F47090815j00qsc40n003kc000z700jtm.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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除了建筑有中国传统乡村建筑与西方建筑巧妙融合在一起的地方，楼内保存的完整家具、生活设施、生产用具和日常生活用品也丰富而有趣，是当时华侨文化与生活的见证。让人充分感受到房子是用来住的。https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2F5866e52bj00qsc40n0027c000z700jtm.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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在开平，每座碉楼都有富于个性的楼名。上世纪初，军阀混战，社会动荡，盗贼蜂起，安宁成了人们最大的愿望。在自力村就有永安里、安和里、合安里这样的院落，还有安庐、居安楼、振安楼这样的碉楼，真实地表达了他们对平安吉祥的美好愿望。https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2Fceceacf8j00qsc40n005pc000z700jtm.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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自力村内还有座村史馆。https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2F06adb88dj00qsc40n003uc000z700jtm.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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行走在自立村，每一座传统民居和碉楼都有风格各异的灰雕。灰雕又叫“灰批”，起源于清代中叶、盛行于民国年间。灰雕是以经过特别处理的石灰作为主料，用批刀直接雕贴于墙上或檐下，干结后形成的各种图案。如山水、雀鸟、花草人物画等，具有浮雕的艺术效果。用料筒、操作易、耐长久，常用于眉宇、楼堂，房屋的装饰中。https://nimg.ws.126.net/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdingyue.ws.126.net%2F2021%2F0430%2F75e04321j00qsc40n001wc000z800eim.jpg&thumbnail=650x2147483647&quality=80&type=jpg
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